HOME PAGE       General/Physical Chemistry since 1800       Organic/biochemistry since 1800.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1901-2003

NOBEL INDEXES:
Names      Topics

Choose a year:

1905   1910   1915   1920   1925   1930   1935   1940   1945   1950   
1955   1960   1965   1970   1975   1980   1985   1990   1995   2000   

Recipients YEAR Subject
Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff
(1852-1911)
1901 Laws of chemical dynamics and of osmotic pressure.
Emil Hermann Fischer
(1852-1919)
1902 Sugar and purine synthesis
Svante August Arrhenius
(1859-1927)
1903 Theory of electrolytic dissociation
William Ramsay
(1852-1916)
1904 Discovery of Noble Gases and their placement in the Periodic Table
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer
(1835-1917)
1905 Organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds
Ferdinand-Frédérick Henri Moissan
(1852-1907)
1906 Investigation and isolation of the element fluorine and for the electric furnace which bears his name
Eduard Buchner
(1860-1917)
1907 Biochemical research: cell-free fermentation
Ernest Rutherford
(1871-1937)
1908 Disintegration of elements; chemistry of radioactive substances
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald
(1853-1932)
1909 Catalysis; fundamental principles of chemical equilibria and rates of reaction
Otto Wallach
(1847-1931)
1910 Alicyclic compounds
Marie Sklodowska Curie
(1867-1934)
1911 Discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium and study of its compounds
Françoise August Victor Grignard
(1871-1935)
1912 Grignard reagent
Paul Sabatier
(1854-1941)
1912(also!) Hydrogenation of organic compounds in presence of finely divided metals
Alfred Werner
(1866-1919)
1913 Structure of inorganic (complex) compounds
Theodore William Richards
(1868-1928)
1914 Exact determination of atomic weights
Richard Martin Willstätter
(1872-1942)
1915 Plant pigments, especially chlorophyll
no award
1916
no award
no award
1917
no award
Fritz Haber
(1868-1934)
1918 Synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
no award
1919
no award
Hermann Walther Nernst
(1864-1941)
1920 Thermochemistry
Frederick Soddy
(1877-1956)
1921 Radioactive substances; origin and nature of isotopes
Francis William Aston
(1877-1945)
1922 Discovery via mass spectrograph of isotopes of many non-radioactive elements; enunciation of whole-number rule
Fritz Pregl
(1869-1930)
1923 Microanalysis of organic substances
no award
1924
no award
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
(1865-1929)
1925 Methods for demonstration of heterogeneity of colloidal suspensions
Theodor Svedberg
(1884-1971)
1926 Disperse systems
Heinrich Otto Wieland
(1877-1971)
1927 Constitution of bile acids and related substances
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
(1876-1959)
1928 Constitution of sterols and their relationship to vitamins
Arthur Harden
(1865-1940)
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
(1873-1964)
1929 Fermentation of sugar; related enzymes
Hans Fischer
(1881-1945)
1930 Constitution of hemin and chlorophyll; synthesis of hemin
Carl Bosch
(1874-1940)
Friedrich Bergius
(1884-1949)
1931 Invention and development of high-pressure methods
Irving Langmuir
(1881-1957)
1932 Surface chemistry
no award
1933
no award
Harold Clayton Urey
(1893-1981)
1934 Heavy hydrogen (deuterium)
Irène Joliot-curie
(1897-1956)
Jean Frédéric Joliot
(1900-1958)
1935 Synthesis of new radioactive elements
Peter Joseph William Debye
(1884-1966)
1936 Molecular structure: studies using dipole moment, x-ray and electron diffraction of gases
Walter Norman Haworth
(1883-1950)
1937 Carbohydrates and vitamin C
Paul Karrer
(1889-1971)
1937(also!) Carotinoids, flavins, and vitamins A and B
Richard Kuhn
(1900-1967)
1938 Carotinoids and vitamins
Adolf Butenandt
(1903- )
1939 Mammalian sex hormones
Leopold Stephen Ruzicka
(1887-1976)
1939(also!) Polymethylenes and higher terpenes
no award
1940
no award
no award
1941
no award
no award
1942
no award
George Charles Hevesy
(1885-1966)
1943 Isotopes as tracers in chemical processes
Otto Hahn
(1879-1968)
1944 Fission of heavy nuclei
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
(1895-1973)
1945 Agricultural and nutrition chemistry; method for preservation of animal fodder
James Batcheller Sumner
(1887-1955)
1946 Enzymes can be crystallized
John Howard Northrop
(1891-1987)
Wendell Meredith Stanley
(1904-1971)
1946(also!) Preparation of pure enzymes and virus proteins
Robert Robinson
(1886-1975)
1947 Important plant-derived compounds, particularly the alkaloids
Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
(1902-1975)
1948 Electrophoresis; analysis by adsorption; nature of proteins in serum
William Francis Giauque
(1895-1982)
1949 Substances, chemical thermodynamics at extremely low temperatures
Otto Paul Hermann Diels
(1876-1954)
Kurt Alder
(1902-1958)
1950 Diene synthesis
Glen Theodore Seaborg
(1912-1996??)
Edwin Mattison McMillan
(1907- ?? )
1951 Chemistry of transuranium elements
Archer John Porter Martin
(1910- ?? )
Richard Laurence Millington Synge
(1914- ?? )
1952 Partition chromatography
Hermann Staudinger
(1881-1965)
1953 Macromolecular chemistry
Linus Pauling
(1901- ?? )
1954 The nature of the chemical bond; structure of complex substances
Vincent du Vigneaud
(1901-1978)
1955 Sulfur biocompounds; first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
(1897-1967)
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov
(1896-1986)
1956 Mechanisms of reactions
Alexander Robertus Todd
(1907- ?? )
1957 Nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes
Frederick Sanger
(1918- ?? )
1958 Structure of proteins (insulin)
Jaroslav Heyrovsky
(1890-1967)
1959 Invention of polarography
Willard Frank Libby
(1908-1980)
1960 Carbon-14 dating
Melvin Calvin
(1911- ?? )
1961 Carbon dioxide assimilation in plants
John Cowdery Kendrew
(1917- ?? )
Max Ferdinand Perutz
(1914- ?? )
1962 Structure of globular proteins
Karl Ziegler
(1898-1973)
Guilio Natta
(1903-1979)
1963 Chemistry and technology of high polymers
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin
(1910- ?? )
1964 Structures of important biochemical substances by X-ray techniques
Robert Burns Woodward
(1917-1979)
1965 Organic synthesis
Robert Sanderson Mulliken
(1896-1986)
1966 Molecular Orbitals, chemical bonds and electronic structures in molecules
Manfred Eigen
(1927- ?? )
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish
(1897-1978)
George Porter
(1920- ?? )
1967 Fast chemical reactions, studied by disturbing an equilibrium with short pulses of energy
Lars Onsager
(1903-1976)
1968 Onsager equation and its application to thermodynamics of irreversible processes ???
Derek Harold Richard Barton
(1918- ?? )
Odd Hassel
(1897-1981)
1969 Chemical applications of theory of conformation (?)
Luis Federico Leloir
(1906- ?? )
1970 Discovery of sugar nucleotides and their importance in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
Gerhard Herzberg
(1904- ?? )
1971 Electronic structure and geometry of molecules and free radicals
Christian Boehmer Anfinsen
(1916- ???)
1972 Ribonuclease; the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation
Stanford Moore
(1913-1982)
William Howard Stein
(1911-1980)
1972 (also!) Connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active center of the ribonuclease molecule
Ernst Otto Fischer
(1918- ??)
Geoffrey Wilkinson
(1921- ?? )
1973 Organometallic "sandwich" compounds
Paul John Flory
(1910-1985)
1974 Physical chemistry of macromolecules
John Warcup Cornforth
(1917- ?? )

Vladimir Prelog
(1906- ?? )
1975 Stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions


Stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions
William Nunn Lipscomb
(1919- ?? )
1976 Boranes; bonding and structure
Ilya Prigogine
(1917- )
1977 Theory of dissipative structures as applied to nonequilibrium thermodynamics
Peter Dennis Mitchell
(1920- )
1978 The chemiosmotic theory of biological energy transfer
Herbert Charles Brown
(1912- )
Georg Friedrich Karl Wittig
(1897-1987)
1979 Boron and phosphorus compounds (respectively) in organic synthesis
Paul Berg
(1926- )


Walter Gilbert
(1932- )
Frederick Sanger
(1918- )
1980 Biochemistry of nucleic acids (esp. recombinant DNA)


Determination of base sequences in nucleic acids


Kenichi Fukui
(1918- )
Roald Hoffmann
(1937- )
1981 Theories of the course of chemical reactions
Aaron Klug
(1926- )
1982 Crystallographic electron microscopy; structural elucidation of nucleic acid-protein complexes
Henry Taube
(1915- )
1983 Mechanisms of electron transfer reactions in metal complexes
Robert Bruce Merrifield
(1921- )
1984 Methods of chemical synthesis on a solid matrix
Herbert Aaron Hauptmann
(1917- )
Jerome Karle
(1917- )
1985 Direct methods for determination of crystal structures
Dudley Robert Herschbach
(1932- )
Yuan Tseh Lee
(1936- )
John Charles Polanyi
(1929- )
1986 Dynamics of elementary chemical processes
Charles Pedersen
(1904-1988)
Donald Cram
(1919- )
Jean-Marie Lehn
(1939- )
1987 Development and application of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity
Johann Deisenhofer
(1943- )
Robert Huber
(1937- )
Hartmut Michel
(1946- )
1988 Photosynthesis
Sidney Altman
(1939- )
Thomas Cech
(1948- )
1989 Catalytic function of the genetic material RNA
Elias James Corey
(1928- )
1990 Novel chemical synthesis
Richard Ernst
(1933- )
1991 Development of mthodology of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Rudolph A. Marcus
(1923- )
1992 Theory of electron transfer reactions
Kary B. Mullen
(1944- )

Michael Smith
(1932- )
1993 Invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method

Oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutagenisis for protein studies
George A. Olah
(1927- )
1994 Carbocation chemistry
Paul Crutzen
(1933- )
Mario Molina
F. Sherwood Rowland
1995 Atmospheric chemistry: formation and decomposition of ozone
Robert F. Curl, Jr.
(1933- )
Harold W. Kroto
(1939- )
Richard E. Smalley
(1943- )
1996 Discovery of fullerenes
Paul D. Boyer
(1918- )
John E. Walker
(1941- )


Jens C. Skou
(1918- )
1997 Enzymatic mechanism of ATP synthesis


Ion-transporting Na+, K+-ATPase
Walter Kohn
(1923- )

John A. Pople
(1925- )
1998 Density functional theory.

Development of computational methods in quantum chemistry
Ahmed Zewail
(1946- )
1999 Determination of transition states by femtosecond spectroscopy
Alan J. Heeger
(1936- )
Alan G. MacDiarmid
(1927- )
Hideki Shirakawa
(1936- )
2000 Conductive polymers
William S. Knowles
(1917- )
Ryoji Noyori
(1938- )

K. Barry Sharpless
(1941- )
2001 Chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions



Chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions
John B. Fenn
(1917- )
Koichi Tanaka
(1959- )

Kurt Wüthrich
(1938- )
2002 Soft Desorption methods for mass spectrographic analysis of biological macromolecules


3D structure of biological macromolecules in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Peter Agre
(1949- )


Roderick MacKinnon
2003 Discovery of water channels


Structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels

Recipients of Nobel Prizes

Back to beginning of list of Nobel Prizes.

Go to Topics list.

A    B    C     D    E    F    G   H     I     J     K     L    M   N    O    P    Q     R   S    T     U   V    W    X   Y    Z  

A

Back to top

Alder, Kurt Altman, Sidney Anfinsen, Christian Boehmer Arrhenius, Svante August Aston, Francis William

B

Back to top

von Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Barton, Derek Harold Richard Barton Berg, Paul Bergius, Friedrich Bosch, Carl Butenandt, Adolf Brown, Herbert Charles Buchner, Eduard

C

Back to top

Calvin, Melvin Cech, Thomas Corey, Elias James Cornforth, John Warcup Cram, Donald Curie, Marie Sklodowska

D

Back to top

Debye, Peter Joseph William Diels, Otto Paul Hermann Deisenhofer, Johann

E

Back to top

Eigen, Manfred Ernst, Richard von Euler-Chelpin, Hans Karl August Simon

F

Back to top

Fischer, Emil Hermann Fischer, Ernst Otto Fischer, Hans Flory, Paul John Fukui, Kenichi

G

Back to top

Giauque, William Francis Gilbert, Walter Grignard, Françoise August Victor

H

Back to top

Haber, Fritz Hahn, Otto Harden, Arthur Hassel, Odd Hauptmann, Herbert Aaron Haworth, Walter Norman Herschbach, Dudley Robert Herzberg, Gerhard Hevesy, George Charles Heyrovsky, Jaraslav Hinshelwood, Cyril Norman Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot van't Hoff, Jacobus Henricus Hoffmann, Roald Huber, Robert

I

Back to top

J

Back to top Joliot, Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Irène

K

Back to top

Karle, Jerome Karrer,, Paul Kendrew, John Cowdery Klug, Aaron Kuhn, Richard

L

Back to top

Langmuir, Irving Lee, Yuan Tseh Lehn, Jean-Marie Leloir, Luis Federico Libby, Willard Frank Lipscomb, William Nunn

M

Back to top

Martin, Archer John Porter McMillan, Edwin Mattison Merrifield, Robert Bruce Michel, Hartmut Mitchell, Peter Dennis Moissan, Ferdinand-Frédérick Henri Moore, Stanford Mulliken, Robert Sanderson

N

Back to top

Natta, Guilio Nernst, Hermann Walther Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford Northrop, John Howard

O

Back to top

Onsager, Lars Ostwald, Friedrich Wilhelm

P

Back to top

Pauling, Linus Pedersen, Charles Perutz, Max Ferdinand Polanyi, John Charles Porter, George Pregl, Fritz Prelog, Vladimir Prigogine, Ilya

Q

Back to top

R

Back to top

Ramsay, William Richards, Theodore William Robinson, Robert Rutherford, Ernest Ruzicka, Leopold Stephen

S

Back to top

Sabatier, Paul Sanger, Frederick (his first Nobel prize) Sanger, Frederick Seaborg, Glenn Theodore Semenov, Nikolai Nikolaevich Soddy, Frederick Stanley, Wendell Meredith Staudinger, Hermann Stein, William Howard Sumner, James Batcheller Svedberg, Theodor Synge, Richard Laurence Millington

T

Back to top

Taube, Henry Tiselius, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Todd, Alexander Robertus

U

Back to top

Urey, Harold Clayton

V

Back to top

van't Hoff, Jacobus Henricus du Vigneaud, Vincent Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari

W

Back to top

Wallach, Otto Werner, Alfred Wieland, Heinrich Otto Wilkinson, Geoffrey Willstätter, Richard Martin Windaus, Adolf Otto Reinhold Wittig, Georg Friedrich Karl Woodward, Robert Burns

X

Back to top

Y

Back to top

Z

Back to top

Ziegler, Karl Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf

Topics of Nobel Prizes

Back to beginning of list of Nobel Prizes

Go to Names list.

A    B    C     D    E    F    G   H     I     J     K     L    M   N    O    P    Q     R   S    T     U   V    W    X   Y    Z  

A

Back to top

agriculture alicyclic compounds alkaloids amino acid sequence (and biologically active conformation) ammonia (optimization of synthesis) Analysis
of serum proteins
by polarography assimilation (of carbon dioxide, in plants) atomic weights

B

Back to top

bile acids biosynthesis of carbohydrates (using sugar nucleotides) bond, chemical boranes boron compounds in organic synthesis

C

Back to top

carbohydrates, biosynthesis, role of sugar nucleotides carbon-14 dating carbon dioxide assimilation in plants carotinoids; (second reference) catalysis chemical bond chemical bond (molecular orbital approach) chemical structure (see structure) chemiosmotic theory chlorophyll chlorophyll (constitution of) chromatography (partition) colloids complexes coenzymes, nucleotide conformation coordination compounds crystal structures (direct determination)

D

Back to top

carbon-14 dating diene synthesis (radioactive) disintegration of elements dispersed systems dissipative structures (theory of) (electrolytic) dissociation DNA (recombinant DNA) dyestuffs (chemical) dynamics

E

Back to top

electrolytic dissociation electronic structure (of molecules, based on molecular orbital approach) electronic structure and geometry of molecules and free radicals (crystallographic) electron microscopy electron transfer reactions (metal complexes) electrophoresis elementary chemical processes energy (biological energy transfer) Enzymes
crystallization of enzymes
preparation
stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions equilibria (and rates of reaction)

F

Back to top

Fermentation
enzymes
(cell-free) fermentation
of sugar ferrocene fission (of heavy nuclei) flavins fluorine fodder (animal)

G

Back to top

(noble) gases Grignard reagent

H

Back to top

hemin high pressure methods hormones
mammalian sex hormones
polypeptide hormone, synthesis of hydroaromatic compounds (heavy)hydrogen hydrogenation (in presence of finely divided metals)

I

Back to top

insulin Isotopes
(origin and nature)
mass spectrographic identification (non-radioactive elements)
as tracers (for study of chemical processes)

J

Back to top

K

Back to top

L

Back to top

M

Back to top

macromolecular chemistry macromolecules (physical chemistry) mechanisms of chemical reactions microanalysis (of organic substances) molecular orbital approach to chemical bonding and electronic structure molecular structure (based upon dipole moments, x-ray and electron diffraction)

N

Back to top

noble gases nonequilibrium thermodynamics nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) nucleic acids (base sequences in nucleic acids) nucleic acid-protein complexes Nucleotides nucleotides (and nucleotide coenzymes) sugar nucleotides

O

Back to top

organic substances (microanalysis) osmotic pressure

P

Back to top

partition chromatography phosphorus compounds in organic synthesis photosynthesis plant pigments polarography polonium Polymers
polymers
(addition) polymers
physical chemistry and polymers polymethylenes (high) pressure methods Proteins
in serum
preparation of pure virus proteins
protein structure (esp. insulin)
structure of globular proteins purines (synthesis)

Q

Back to top

R

Back to top

Radioactive substances
disintegration of elements
relationship to isotopes
new(1935) radioactive elements radium rates of reactions reaction progression recombinant DNA ribonuclease and amino acid sequence RNA (its catalytic function) (whole number) rule

S

Back to top

"sandwich" compounds sequences of bases in nucleic acids solid matrix (and chemical synthesis) Stereochemistry
stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
of organic molecules and reactions sterols (constitution) Structure
of complexes
of globular proteins
determination by x-ray techniques (biochemical substances)
and catalytic activity (of the active center of ribonuclease molecule)
crystal structure (direct methods) sugars (synthesis) sulfur compounds surface chemistry

T

Back to top

terpenes thermochemistry Thermodynamics
at low temperatures
non-equilibrium thermodynamics Transuranium elements

U

Back to top

V

Back to top

Vitamin(s)
carotinoids and vitamins
connections to sterols
vitamin A
vitamin B
vitamin C

W

Back to top

weights, atomic whole number rule

X

Back to top

x-ray determination of structure (biochemical substances)

Y

Back to top

Z

Back to top



Back to Nobel Prize Chronology